Conversion Donut-Shaped Pattern to Directive Without Using Any Mode Converter
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
1-6
Received:
14 January 2021
Accepted:
18 March 2021
Published:
30 March 2021
Abstract: In this paper, an electromagnetic diode with TEM mode, such as MILO, is connected directly to a Dual Mirrored Slotted Array Antenna (DMSAA). To convert a donut-shaped pattern of the electromagnetic source into a directive pattern, mode converters have been used in the past. But their losses, weight, size, and cost additions impact negatively on total system performance. Due to not using any mode converters, this is useful. Given the input is an electromagnetic diode with a TEM output mode, a large bandwidth is unnecessary. Therefore, slot antennas are used. Usually, array antennas were commonly used to increase the directivity and beamforming at the output of mode converters. To convert a donate-shaped pattern into a directive, half of the aperture fields must be rotated 180°. Here, the diode outlet is connected to the DMSAA with an inherent phase difference of 180° of the electric fields. For this purpose, a power divider and a pair of narrow wall slotted array antennas (NWSAA) have been used. The antenna is simulated at 10GHz frequency. The results show a fully directive beam with a side lobe level (SLL) below -10dB. Also, S11 is -16.5dB, at 10GHz frequency. Because the mode converter is completely removed, this structure is very suitable for compact applications.
Abstract: In this paper, an electromagnetic diode with TEM mode, such as MILO, is connected directly to a Dual Mirrored Slotted Array Antenna (DMSAA). To convert a donut-shaped pattern of the electromagnetic source into a directive pattern, mode converters have been used in the past. But their losses, weight, size, and cost additions impact negatively on tot...
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Finding the Photon Mass from Maxwell's Equations and Compton Scattering Theory
Amna Al Ata Ahmed Salih,
Abdelnabi Ali Elamin,
Ali Sulaiman Mohamed,
Nafisa Bader Eldeen
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
7-12
Received:
10 March 2021
Accepted:
26 June 2021
Published:
6 July 2021
Abstract: The question of whether particles of light have mass has been asked in natural philosophy for centuries, starting with theories such as the corpuscular theory of Newton and contemporaries, based in turn on older ideas back to classical times. In the early twentieth century, Planck and Einstein introduced the concept of the photon, the quantum of light energy. It was proposed by Einstein and others, notably in about 1906, that the photon has mass. The behavior of a photon is strange. The aim of this work is to attempt to theoretically investigate the rest mass of a photon from Maxwell’s equation and Compton scattering theory. In this paper the equation of the electric field intensity in the presence of polarization in vacuum is derived. Maxwell's equations can describe state of electromagnetic waves in any medium. Their physical content is familiar; these equations are derived from the laws of electricity and magnetism. According to electromagnetic theory, the rest mass of photon in free space is zero and also photon has non-zero rest mass, as well as wavelength-dependent. To apply Maxwell's equations and Compton scattering theory this is modified to find the photon rest mass is of the order ~10-49 g which is comparable to that obtained by Coulomb experiment which is of the order ~10-44 g. Our theoretical work on the speculative mass of the photon must be experimentally verified and may open up plausible new applications in different fields.
Abstract: The question of whether particles of light have mass has been asked in natural philosophy for centuries, starting with theories such as the corpuscular theory of Newton and contemporaries, based in turn on older ideas back to classical times. In the early twentieth century, Planck and Einstein introduced the concept of the photon, the quantum of li...
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